AIDS Prevalence and Awareness in South Africa :: AIDS HIV Disease African Essays

AIDS Prevalence and Awareness in South Africa Johannesburg, the largest metropolitan area in the continent of Africa. The population of the main metropolitan area is 1,907,229 ( WorldBook encycl.130). Johannesburg is also one of the world richest gold fields. Despite these positive aspects, Johannesburg is a city with a dismal future, because it is suffering from one of the world's worst AIDS epidemics. Every Saturday, nearby cemeteries are busy with the arrival of people who have died from AIDS. Funeral directors state that about 30 or 40 people are buried every week, as a result of AIDS. It is said that in South Africa, one of every ten people has AIDS. Some 17 million people in Africa have died representing almost 80% of AIDS deaths world wide. This is the equivalent of the combined populations of New York City and Los Angeles (www.Time/2001/aidsafrica). There is a conspiracy of silence fueling the spread of HIV in South Africa. Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa, and has one of the fastest growing infection ra tes AIDS is now South Africa's leading cause of death. Last year it accounted for 40% of all deaths between the ages of 15 and 49 (US.news2.yimg.com). By the year 2010, HIV prevalence in adults is projected to reach 25% of the total population. South Africa is projected to have the highest AIDS death rate until 2015. At that point, the population will have decreased to the point that the death rate will no longer be as high as in other areas. South Africa has a population close to 40 million people - an estimated 4.2 million (10.5%) are infected with HIV. Of these, half are women ages 15-49. Over 40% of pregnant women are HIV-positive. The impact of AIDS in South Africa is overwhelming. The disease has orphaned 370,952 children 95,000 children have been infected with AIDS. The adult prevalence rate of HIV is 20%. While there are limits in extrapolating the general population, it is estimated that 4.2 million people were HIV positive in 1999, compared to approximately 3.6 million in 1998. (www.securethefuture.com). Statement of Need: Understanding who is Affected by AIDS Demographics show that those most affected by AIDS are women and children. African women and children have been particularly hard hit by AIDS. There are now 16 million African children who have lost at least one parent to AIDS. Johannesburg medical agencies state in their reports that in the next 10 years, that number will reach 28 million.

Meno Essay

Meno Paper Assignment Can virtue be taught? Plato starts off the Meno with this simple question. Prior to answering this question, Socrates is adamant about first understanding what virtue is. Socrates and Meno go back and forth throughout the story attempting to figure out the definition of virtue. When they come to the conclusion that they do not know what virtue is, they attempt to prove whether virtue can be taught, is attainable by practice, or is simply possessed by nature. As Meno asks Socrates whether virtue can be taught, Socrates explains to him that he does not know what virtue is.Meno defines virtue to Socrates in many forms. For a man virtue is managing public affairs and in turn benefiting his friends, and harming his enemies. For a woman she must manage the home well, preserve its possessions, and be submissive to her husband. He also explains that a child, a slave or an elderly man also have different virtues. Socrates refutes this definition of virtue. He has not bee n given a definition but yet a list of examples. He gets his point across to Meno by using bees as an example. There are many different types of bees, but one bee does not differ from another in the fact that they are both bees.This same concept has to be true with virtue, for there are many and various types but they all have the same form making them virtues. Here we are presented with the first rule of giving a definition, and that is simply to not give examples. Meno attempts to give Socrates a second definition, stating that virtue is simply the ability to rule over people. Once again Socrates refutes this definition. In the case of a slave or a child this cannot be true; hence this is merely another example of a specific trait of someone who is virtuous. Socrates also adds that if this were true than it would have to be justly and not unjustly.Menos response to this is that justice is virtue. Is justice virtue or is it a type of virtue? This is the next issue Socrates points o ut to Meno. In response Meno says that justice is a type of virtue, therefore he has done nothing more than give another useless example of virtue. Socrates wants to put an end to this problem so he gives Meno the definition of both shape and color to give him an example of a good definition. We are given a third definition by Meno, in which he states that virtue is to desire beautiful things and have the power to acquire them.With this Socrates translates desire for beautiful things as the desire for good things. Meno agrees with this statement, in turn allowing Socrates to once again disprove this definition. There are those who desire bad things, but in their own minds believe these bad things to be good. Therefore these people essentially desire good things but are not virtuous. Meno now explains to Socrates that he has found the definition; it is the capacity to acquire good things with justice. Socrates goes on to explain that this is yet again just a fragment of virtue.In ess ence all Meno has explained now is that virtue is virtue, for justice is a type of virtue. Socrates has brought forward the second rule of definitions, which is that you can’t use the word in the definition. At this point Meno is perplexed, and begins to get angry with Socrates. He informs him with the fact that he came here knowing exactly what virtue was, but now Socrates has driven Meno to the point that he now doesn’t know what virtue is either. Socrates explains that he has not done this purposely but that he truly is just as perplexed, and therefore they should search for this answer together.Meno displays his confusion by asking how it is even possible to search for something that you do not know at all. This is where Socrates introduces the idea that the soul is immortal and learning that which we do not know is recollection. Meno would like Socrates to show him that this is true. Consequently Socrates picks out a slave boy, who was raised in the home of Meno, and begins to ask him geometric questions. He questions the boy about a square, naming the different principles and rules of a square.As the boy begins to answer these questions correctly, Socrates points out to Meno that he has created his own right opinion concerning this logic. Through constant questioning the boy is able to form right opinions on logics that he has never before been presented. Socrates reveals to Meno that this is recollection. Being immortal the soul has learned all there is to know, whether it be in this life as a human or in a time prior to that. In turn recollection is simply the process of turning true opinions into knowledge through constant questioning.With this being known, Socrates illustrates to Meno that one should always seek to find out that which they do not know. In order to find out whether virtue can be taught Socrates and Meno set up a hypothesis that virtue is something good. Socrates begins to elaborate on this fact by stating that if virtue is good, than it is beneficial. They begin to examine what kind of things benefit an individual. Socrates and Meno both agree that Health, strength, beauty, and also wealth all benefit us. Socrates also points out that these same things can do harm do someone.So what is the directing factor that determines whether they are beneficial or harmful? All things directed by wisdom end in happiness. Therefore since virtue is beneficial, it must be knowledge. In turn virtue must be a kind of wisdom. If this is true, then virtue can be taught. Meno agrees with Socrates that this is true. Immediately after the two agree Socrates questions whether they were wrong by agreeing to this. He points out to Meno that virtue might not be knowledge. If knowledge is teachable, and virtue is knowledge, then there would be teachers as well as learners of virtue.Up to now they have not been able to come across any such individuals. At this point Anytus is introduced into the story, and Socrates invites him to join them in their search for teachers of virtue. Socrates asks Anytus if they should send Meno to the sophists who profess to teach virtue. Anytus wastes no time in sharing his negative harsh views of these sophists. Socrates tells Anytus to give Meno the name of an Athenian in which he should visit to learn the meaning of virtue. Anytus claims that any Greek citizen would be able to make him a better man that the sophists.Of these good men can any of them teach virtue, for they have yet to see this. Socrates uses Themistocles as a prime example; he was even the best of men but failed to pass down his virtue to his son. Instead he taught his son to be a great horseman. He presents Anytus with a couple other examples of virtuous men who failed to pass their virtue down to their children. At this point Anytus becomes angry and he leaves. He asks Meno if there are many good men among his people. Meno says that there are many good men. Among these good men do they agree hat they ar e teachers and virtue can be taught? Meno states that sometimes they say it can be taught, and other times they say it cannot be taught. After hearing this Socrates goes on to explain that these men cannot even agree on this point, therefore they are not teachers of this subject. Thus there are no teachers of this subject, as well as no learners, consequently virtue cannot be taught. Now that Meno and Socrates have agreed that virtue cannot be taught, Socrates begins to explain where they went wrong in their original investigation.He explains that they were right in agreeing that good men must be beneficial, and that they will be beneficent if they give correct direction in our affairs. The agreement that one cannot give correct direction if one does not have knowledge, is where they have gone wrong. One may use right opinion as a guide for correct action, in which it is no less useful than knowledge. Right opinion and knowledge differ in the fact that right opinion escapes a manâ⠂¬â„¢s mind very quickly. It is not until one ties these right opinions down, by giving an account of the reason why, that they become knowledge.Socrates explains to Meno that this is recollection, as they have previously gone over. At this point Socrates and Meno have come to a conclusion. Virtue is not teachable and is not acquired by nature, but comes to those who possess it as a gift from the gods which is not accompanies by understanding. Socrates leaves Meno and ends the story with one final statement. He says to Meno, â€Å"We shall have clear knowledge of this when, before we investigate how it comes to be present in men, we first try to find out what virtue in itself is. †

John Carrol My Boy Life Essay - 1193 Words

After reading the short story â€Å"My Boy Life† which is the memoir of John Carroll, I was from time to time envious of Carroll’s life but also relieved that I was not born in the 1800’s. Born just before the war of 1812 in Upper Canada, Carroll’s life was very simple. His prospective future occupations only consisted of a few and were predetermined from birth. How simple is life when everything is already set in stone? From the age of twelve to seventeen, Carroll worked at a tannery and as a currier. Carroll’s job was associated with his father’s work, his father being a saddler and harness-maker. Only grinding the bark in the tannery, Carroll’s life was consistent and did not require much effort of having to plan out his future. Sadly, much†¦show more content†¦Even from a relatively young age, people are more conscious of what is happening around us as we have grown exceedingly intelligent – too clever that our stan dards of what we expect from individuals have gone up. All of these factors make it seem like I have a tougher life than Carroll, but some aspects are still harder in his life. As he lives his daily life, Carroll, as a boy is expected to do heavy chores and to earn money for the family. Carroll operated the harrow, a heavy piece of strong wood in the form of the letter ‘A’. He performed this through the use of two oxen, but even then, it was very wearisome to perform this necessary but draining work. This would be extraordinary to see in the twenty-first century as the chores are relatively smaller and easier to manage. Generation after another, humans grew lazy and all the tasks performed before are replaced by machines that accomplish tasks ranging from the most difficult to the easiest. Carroll regrettably beat the poor oxen when the heavy harrow jerked, giving him a great shock to his slender arms. The oxen tried Carroll’s patience and as he was without grace at the time, it often made him lose his temper. Profani ties were thrown at the pitiable unknowing brutes which Carroll still repents even at the age of seventy. At a young age, it was harder for Carroll to get jobs and less common for fair payment to be received upon child labour. As you were not treated equally with adults, the pay was mostly bare minimum.Show MoreRelatedKing George IIi Of Great Britain2056 Words   |  9 Pageswanted the British to go away and never come back. On March 5, 1770, Private Hugh White was standing guard on sentry duty in front of the Customs House on King Street in Boston, Massachusetts. A young, local boy came across him, and after an exchanging of words, Private White sent the young boy away into the streets bruised and crying. Moments pass and suddenly a group of roughly fifty to sixty Colonists met outside thee Customs House and began to protest because they were tired of the soldiers andRead More Biography of Robert E. Lee Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesBiography of Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee was born in Stratford Hall, near Montross, Virginia, on January 19, 1807. He grew up with a great love of all country life and his state. This stayed with him for the rest of his life. He was a very serious boy and spent many hours in his fathers library. He loved to play with some his friends, swim, and he loved to hunt. Lee looked up to his father and always wanted to know what he was doing. George Washington and his father, Light-Horse Harry LeeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesStress-Reduction Techniques 144 SKILL ANALYSIS 147 Cases Involving Stress Management 147 The Turn of the Tide 147 The Case of the Missing Time 150 SKILL PRACTICE 155 Exercises for Long-Term and Short-Run Stress Management The Small-Wins Strategy 155 Life-Balance Analysis 156 Deep Relaxation 158 Monitoring and Managing Time 159 SKILL APPLICATION 161 Activities for Managing Stress 161 Suggested Assignments 161 Application Plan and Evaluation 162 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA Stress Management AssessmentRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal an d Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesothers. This is one of the oldest and most universal practices of management (Tripathi 2005). This is a process which reveals that how well employees perform their jobs when the performance compared with the predetermine set of standards (L Mathis John H. Jackson). Merit rating is used basically for promotion of employees. However performance appraisal is more comprehensive term for such activities, because its use extends beyond ascertaining eligibility for promotion. Such activities may be training

Regression of Baseball Player Salaries Essay - 949 Words

Introduction The Major League Baseball (MLB) organization is a group of baseball teams that have made it to the Major League. The Major League Baseball data set provides the 2005 salaries of multiple Major League Baseball (MLB) teams as well as individual salaries of players within 30 teams (Lind, Marchal Wathen, 2008). The MLB data set gives information such as batting averages, wins, salaries, home runs, errors, etc (Lind, Marchal Wathen, 2008). Two specific teams stand out of the information when looking at their stats; St. Louis and Kansas City. These two teams are drastically different; one has the most wins out of the MLB data set, and the other has the least wins. With St. Louis and Kansas City both being in the major league,†¦show more content†¦We could also test the differences in the season error rate of the two teams chosen and the stolen base total based on the performance. When performing the regression hypothesis test on the data we hope to prove that the th ere is a correlation between the performance of players and the salary that they are paid. When looking at the base data we are to conclude that there is a difference but by performing the hypothesis testing we can conclude that there are only some aspects of the sport of baseball that actually combine performance and pay. Regression Hypothesis Test Regression Analysis r ² 0.454 n 4 r 0.674 k 1 Std. Error 64.837 Dep. Var. Y ANOVA table Source SS df MS F p-value Regression 6,998.1407 1 6,998.1407 1.66 .3260 Residual 8,407.7423 2 4,203.8711 Total 15,405.8829 3 Regression output confidence interval variables coefficients std. error t (df=2) p-value 95% lower 95% upper Intercept -95.3536 162.1630 -0.588 .6161 -793.0845 602.3773 X1 2.4551 1.9029 1.290 .3260 -5.7322 10.6425 Observation Y Predicted Residual 1 208.31 137.88 70.42 2 101.31 108.42 -7.12 3 36.88 42.13 -5.25 4 92.11 150.16 -58.05 In this regression analysis the x value is the wins, independent variable and the y value is the salary, the dependent variable. The advantage to thisShow MoreRelatedMajor League Baseball Salary949 Words   |  4 PagesMajor League Baseball Salary 1/C Morris, 2/C Morris and 2/C Turner Major League Baseball players average just over four million a year making it the second highest paying sport. Players determine win-loss records which drives ticket sales which creates revenue and so on. This is why player salaries is one of the most critical aspects of running a MLB team. These salaries are negotiated using statistics such as batting average, on base percentage, hits and more. When negotiations are not workingRead More 2004 MLB Wins Regression Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pages On Wednesday, October 27th 2004, the Curse of the Bambino was finally lifted off the City of Boston and its long-suffering baseball fans (see Appendix A for more on the Curse). For the first time in 86 years, the Boston Red Sox were the world champions of baseball. There is no arguing that the 2004 Red Sox were a good team that played excellent baseball throughout the season. The team was led not by talent cultivated through the Red Sox’ farm system but by high-priced, free-agent acquisitions suchRead MoreSalary And Performance Of Offensive Players On Major League Baseball1842 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION This project investigates how salary and performance of offensive players in Major League Baseball are linked. We believe this is an interesting problem because it is traditionally believed that professional athletes play with hopes of earning a high salary, yet it often seems a batter’s performance is not linked to their salary (Jensen). Therefore, it seems as if the link between a player’s performance and their salary is different than their true performance. Performing a statisticalRead MoreWhy Teams With The Best Players Win The Most Games1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe governing wisdom in baseball is that the teams with the best players win the most games. 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It wasn’t until 2009, when the Yankees acquired jokester Nick Swisher, pranksterRead MoreThe Impact Of National Football League And National Basketball Association1802 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In Baseball, statistics are in abundance. Unlike the National Football League and the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball(MLB) does not have a salary cap. This has caused a lot of randomness in salaries. The salaries of teams also varies quite a bit as well. From the data I have used, in 2015, the Los Angeles Dodgers salary was almost five times higher than the Miami Marlins. What would cause such a disparity? Being a Baltimore Orioles fan and my father being aRead MoreDescriptive Statistics Essay3837 Words   |  16 Pagesbeloved sports in America is Major League Baseball. This professional sport spends billions of dollars each year enhancing the chances to reach the ultimate goal in winning the World Series. Major League Baseball is one of the few remaining sports that have an uneven balance in the franchise wage capacity to acquire top talented players. The areas of concentration in this research paper will be player salaries, winning percentage, player performance, and salary caps. The disparity in payroll numbersRead MoreEssay On Professional Athletes Overpaid1807 Words   |  8 Pagesamounts of money simply to compensate them for their entertainment value. In many circumstances, society will put the value of this entertainment over the importance of doing what is right when they grant professional athletes’ demands for higher salaries. There is no logical reason that these athletes, who are being paid to merely entertain us, get paid higher wages than those that are essential members of our society, such as medical doctors and teachers. The entertainment that these athletes provideRead MoreAP Stats Mid Term Review Problem Set 13873 Words   |  56 Pagesmanager. Suppose the owner makes $120,000 per year and the other employees make between $40,000 and $50,000 per year. One day, the owner decides to give himself a $30,000 raise. Which of the following describes how the company’s mean and median salaries would change? a. The mean and median would both increase by $5,000. b. The mean would increase by $5,000 and the median would not change. c. The mean would increase by $6,000 and the median would not change. d. The median would increase by $6,000Read MoreWhy The National Hockey League3485 Words   |  14 PagesAmerican pastime in itself. It was not that long ago when watching sports on television was rare activity. Today, the avid sports fan can tune into 24 hour sports news channels and get up-to-the-minute details about their favorite leagues, teams, and players. The demand for professional sports viewing is incredibly high and the ability for leagues to market their sport to the public is very important to the success of that that league. The National Hockey League has been around for close to a century

The Epic Of Gilgamesh, By Herbert Mason - 880 Words

Gilgamesh is an ancient text which still exists today, it dates back to approximately 3,000 B.C. Despite the fact that it is old, people can still relate to its themes today. A few themes portrayed within the story include, love, friendship, the meaning of life, and death. A book that well represents a human’s existence in this world. At some point every individual experiences those issues in their life. Gilgamesh represents existentialism; a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice as one learns about themselves through acts of will. Three examples that relate to existentialism in Gilgamesh by Herbert Mason, involve relationships, how boredom leads to exploration, and how one discovers themselves throughout the journey by questioning the meaning of life. To begin with, Sadigh says that human relationships play a part in existentialism, which offer wisdom about the nature of relationships. From the start Gilgamesh’s description is unpleasant. He is disliked by all of his people; they want him gone because of his dictatorship. Therefore, the people plead to the gods for help. Because of that, the gods send a prostitute to humanize Enkidu, since he is one third man and two-thirds animal. He self-develops and becomes closer with the prostitute as they make love. Sadigh mentions that, â€Å"relationships play a significant role in our gaining of self-consciousness† (79). Shamhat certaonly helps Enkidu with his self-conscious, she brings out the manShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, By Herbert Mason2237 Words   |  9 Pagesour losses. However, in the story of one man who couldn’t take the fact that someone as powerful as himself could lose a loved one, had no other choice but to learn the hard way of how to cope with his loss. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, a retold story by the best-selling author, Herbert Mason, tells the story of a king who was two thirds god and one third man. He was full of pride and made himself superior to others. Because he was so arrogant and oppressive to his people, it seemed that he needed companionshipRead MoreThe Role of Enkidu Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesEpics are characterized by longevity of text, a poetic style, and an account of the accomplishments of a legendary hero. Herbert Mason’s interpretation of an extract of the Epic of Gilgamesh lacks a large amount of text and the legendary hero so common in later epics such as Odyssey and Beowulf. Because the later epics are considered to be based on the Epic of Gilgamesh it is important to consider why, in Mason’s translation, is there a lack of an impressive amount of text and of a legendary heroRead MoreCompare Contrast Gilgamesh and Beowulf1426 Words   |  6 PagesComparison and Contrast Essa y Final Draft: Gilgamesh vs. Beowulf The epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh are about a pair of heroes who had many common characteristics as well as characteristics that contradict one another. Beowulf is a Christian epic that roots from the Anglo Saxon culture. Throughout the plot, there are numerous biblical allusions. â€Å"Grendel who haunted the moors, the wild Marshes, and made his home in a hell not hell but earth. He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair ofRead MoreEssay about The Role of Women in the Epic of Gilgamesh1125 Words   |  5 PagesWhat if women ruled the world? The question does not seem so strange today as it may have back in 2500 B.C.E., an age when people tell stories of the Great King of Uruk--Gilgamesh. Although the story of â€Å"Gilgamesh† revolves around themes of masculinity and brotherhood--with its male prerogative, its composers develop several strong female characters which suggest women have great influence in a male-dominated, Mesopotamian society. The first female character that influences a man is the prostituteRead MoreTheme Of Sexuality In Gilgamesh1484 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality in Gilgamesh: Through history, independent cultures have developed stories, legends and myths that share common roots. From Shakespeares dramas to modern soap operas, the expression of the collective subconscious creates similarities in theme and purpose that transcend differences of time, genre, or race. Among these universal themes, one in particular echoes more than the rest: sexuality, and its importance. In the worlds oldest text, Gilgamesh, sexuality’s role is depicted prominentlyRead MoreThings Fall Apart and Exile Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesself-imposed banishment from one’s home or given as a form of punishment. Exile results in solitude; leaving people only time to reflect upon their self. B. The main characters in The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Tempest, and Things Fall Apart all encounter exile due to their actions. C. (THESIS) – The protagonists, Gilgamesh, Prospero, and Okonkwo all have experiences of exile which alienate them from their homeland, but as hurtful as it is for them to go through; their experience alienates them causingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1596 Words   |  7 PagesChristina Moore July 23, 2015 In the verse narrative The Epic of Gilgamesh the principal character Gilgamesh, King of Uruk, is described as a being that is two-thirds god and one-third man. Gilgamesh is a hero/protagonist who exhibits many more human features than divine features. This makes him a flawed hero because all humans are flawed. The Epic of Gilgamesh is the same type of story that is seen in the Old Testament. The story itself was found on stone tablets, written in the same time periodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesGeorgia Perimeter College Epic of Gilgamesh Jung M Gu World Literature 129 Liam Madden 12/2/2016 â€Æ' Jung Gu Professor Liam Madden World Literature 11/30/16 The Epic of Gilgamesh The story about Gilgamesh is one of the earliest pieces of world literature dating back to the second millennium B.C.E. This story has been evolved gradually over a long span of a millennium, and has been enjoyed by many nations. The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches life lessons that apply to the past and presentRead More A Jungian Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay3198 Words   |  13 PagesA Jungian Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper will provide a unique, psychological perspective on a timeless story that is alive with mythological and religious splendor. I must state clearly that this is not the first time that Gilgamesh has been viewed in the light of the philosophy of Jung.   One of two Jung essays I happened upon while preparing my research was the Psychology of Religion. Although I initially felt that this source would provide little help with my paper, I

Jean Piaget Free Essays

The history of psychology dates back to the ancient Greeks, Callahan and India. There are even some records of psychology dating back to ancient Egypt. Psychology is the study of the human mind and it’s functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Piaget or any similar topic only for you Order Now It used to be a branch of philosophy, but in the asses it developed into an independent science, when Wilhelm Wound founded the first laboratory dedicated to psychology. In the ancient times, psychology had to do with evil spirits and souls, which remedies were incinerations and curses. Right now, In modern times, we know that psychology has nothing to do with that, but with the rain and the way it works. Jean Pigged was born In Nucleus, Switzerland in 1896. He did his license and PhD on biology at the university of his hometown. It was his background on biology, and his interest on epistemology (the theory of knowledge), that made him want to find out how the mind comes to know knowledge, objects and concepts, which then lead him to study the development of children, especially his own. He observed, talked and listen to them, as well as other children, while he performed exercises to test his theories, studies that he then published and helped IM create his theory. Piglet’s theory is called Intellectual Development, it is based on the maturation of the human. It was divided into four stages. These stages happen in between the ages of O and 15 years old. The first stage that happens between the age of O and 2, it is called Seismometer Stage. Children start to differentiate themselves from objects and knows more about himself and where he is. Also a key think kids learn Is that if parents or any object Is outside of his sight It will continue to exist. Pre-operational stage comes around 2-7 years of age, the most important thing happening in this stage is that children learn how to use language and by using this skill they represent objects by words or images. Children begin to use symbols to represent objects, also they don’t have a sense of time and are influenced by fantasy and think others fantasize like them. Concrete Operational is the stage happening while the child is 7 to 12 years old. During this age children get more comfortable with themselves, and develop an ability to think and make judgment about important things. In this stage It Is common that children ask many questions and would like to explain things to their parents. The last stage of Piglet’s theory is called Formal Operational Stage, in this stage teenagers are Individual and know how to make complete Judgment by themselves. Teenagers are capable or reasoning and will be more open and have a wide range of ideas because they can consider many possibilities and see from different perspectives Jean Piglets theory of intellectual development Is very similar but at the same time very different than Erikson theory. Piglet’s theory is based on maturation and what children and adults hint and develop while growing up, while Erikson theory is more about what you feel and who you are as a person and the people you interact with. The theories are similar at only the beginning, in the first stage when they talk about tact and how the children develop feelings with the persons they love. And finally another similarity Is that all the stages last till death. In Piglet’s theory you stop developing at age 16, childhood, allotted and elderly. The two theories are different in many ways but both have the same base idea, you could say that Jean and Erik had the same Houghton, but then developed a different concept for finishing their theories. Pigged is one of the most important psychologists of the modern times, and with out a doubt, the most important child psychologist. He is very well recognized around the world for his theory on child development as well as the series of books he has written on it. Jean Piglet’s theory is more about maturation, rather than Erosion’s, that is more about what a person is feeling throughout his or her whole life. His theory has four stages which are: The seismometer stage (0-2 years), the Pre-operational stage (2-7 ears), the concrete operational stage (7-12) and the formal operational stage (12 and above). Teenagers who are 12 and above have a wider range of ideas and they have judgment. Erickson theory has stages begin from the moment in which a person is born, to the moment in which a person dies. He explains how your life can change if a stage in your life isn’t satisfactory. Usually, a teenager isn’t mature enough until he or she has reached an age above 12. How to cite Jean Piaget, Papers Jean Piaget Free Essays There have been many theorist studying and presenting theories about the development of human learning. Theorists like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget – to name a few, have all made significant contribution to the understanding of child growth and development into adulthood. No one theory has all the answers, but an understanding of the complexity of children learning is present in them all in some manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Piaget or any similar topic only for you Order Now One theorist whose works I think presents an accurate view of the development of young children is Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget, a Swiss genetic epistemologist (as he referred to himself), was born on August 9th 1896. From an early age he was researching, studying and presenting papers in the natural sciences, and had achieved a Ph. D. in Zoology by the age of 22. He had three children and placed great importance on education. He studied the development of his children from birth and the use of intelligent test on his own and other children caused him to conclude that children thought differently than adults did, and it was this observation from his research that sparked his interest to understand the nature of thought, how it develops, its genetic impact, and an understanding of how knowledge is acquired and grows through childhood and into adulthood. His research made him conclude that children grouped information they acquired into categories and that these categories can either be expanded when new information is received, or the newly acquired knowledge can be placed into entirely new groupings. He believed that children actively constructed knowledge through hands-on experiences and that the role of adults was to provide the materials that would enable the child to build these experiences. As he studied the cognitive development of children he developed a theory that described their intellectual development and the stages they pass through in the growth of their intelligence and logical thought process. The Four (4) stages of his theory are: (1) The Sensorimotor Stage: The first stage goes from birth to about age two. Children at this stage try to make sense of everything that is around them and their reactions are limited to simple movements and responses using abilities they were born with. They look, cry, smile, laugh, suck, grasp, and listen to learn more about the environment around them. Piaget lists the development of â€Å"Object Permanence† as one of the most important accomplishments at the sensorimotor stage. â€Å"Object Permanence† is the child’s awareness that things still exist even when they cannot see or hear them anymore. A baby will be surprised when you suddenly appear before and then disappear as you play â€Å"Peek-a-boo†, but an older child who has developed a sense of â€Å"Object Permanence† will understand that you still exist and will look around to try to see where you are. The Sensorimotor Stage is further subdivided into six (6) sub-stages that reflect the development of new skills as the child moves from birth to two years old: Reflexes (0 – 1 month): Looking and sucking Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months): Adding new knowledge or sensation Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months): Becoming more aware of the environment and responding to it Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months): Recognizing objects and their qualities Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months): Object Experiencing and Experimenting Early Representational Thought (18-24 months): Understanding and developing thought 2) The Preoperational Stage: This stage spans ages 2 through 7. It is the stage of language development, play and pretending, symbol manipulation, and the understanding of real world objects. However, he conducted many experiments on egocentrism and conservation to show that at this stage the child do not yet have the mental ability to process concrete logic or manipulate intelligent information. He demonstrated that children were unable to take on another person’s perspective with his famous â€Å"Three Mountain Task. Children were shown a 3 dimensional mountain scene then asked to pick a picture of their view, which they clearly could and did. But when asked to pick a picture if another person were looking at it from a different viewpoint they almost always chose their own view of the scene. Although not everyone agreed with his assessment, this stage focuses and is centered on abilities that children clearly have not as yet developed. (3) The Concrete Operational Stage: This stage starts at around age 7 and continues through to around age 11. During this stage children are fairly good at inductive logic with a better understanding of mental operations, yet abstract and hypothetical reasoning confounds them. Using inductive logic they are capable of going from specific deductions to a general deduction, but he determined that they experienced difficulties in using deductive logic to use a general principle to determine a specific one. At this stage the understanding of reversibility (being able to reverse the order of relationship between mental categories) is the most important development. The understanding that the family pet is a dog, that the dog is a German Shepard, and that the dog is an animal; is a most significant skill set at this stage. (4) The Formal Operation Stage: From age 12 and continuing through adulthood, skills such as systematic planning, deductive reasoning, logical thinking, and abstract thoughts are developed. Consequences of actions and possible outcomes are now more relied upon than trial and error and even previous experiences as in the earlier stages of development. Jean Piaget work has made a huge impact in the fields of psychology and children education. He realized that children were not less intelligent than adults but just process the limited information they possessed differently. As they continue towards adulthood changes in their cognitive development leads to changes in cognitive process and abilities. He believed that children cognitive development centers on actions and as they progressed through stages of development, further understanding and advances alter their cognitive reasoning and changes into mental operations. Jean Piaget died September 16th 1980. In his book â€Å"Genetic Epistemology†, he explained: â€Å"What the genetic epistemology proposes is discovering the roots of the different varieties of knowledge, since its elementary forms, following to the next levels, including also the scientific knowledge†. How to cite Jean Piaget, Papers

Democracy vs. Martial Law free essay sample

Martial Law Regime or Democratic Country Before the Filipinos attained the democracy of their country, they first experienced the different kind of discipline the most of their leaders gave, the Martial Law regime. Martial Law (Batas Militar) refers to the period of  Philippine history  wherein  Philippine Presidents  and  Heads of state  declared a proclamation to control troublesome areas under the rule of the  Military, and it is usually given when threatened by popular demonstrations, or to crack down on the opposition. Martial law can also be declared in cases of major natural disasters, however most countries use a different legal construct like state of emergency. Most of the leaders establish the dictatorship instead of democracy, because they thought that it would be the best way to help our country overcome the troubles of their country. The first leader, who established the first Martial law regime was Governor-General Ramon Blanco, next was General Emilio Aguinaldo, then Former President Jose P. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy vs. Martial Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Laurel and last was one of the known dictators of the Philippines, Former President Ferdinand Marcos. He justified that it is because of the large threats of communist and Muslim rebels unto the country. Once in effect, it covered the entire republic on September 21, 1972. It was announced to the public two days later. The GNP of the country on that regime, increased at $11. 5 billion by 1980. From the declaration of Martial law, the US President gave $2. 5 billion for economic aid and bilateral military of the country. Everyone has a curfew on that time. Everyone shouldn’t be caught outside their residences from 12 o’clock midnight to 4 o’clock early morning. Or else, the cops will put you in jail, but will release you the next day. Depends on how heavy your mistake is. Marcos was very strict in that time. He started increasing the rates and prices in the market. Even the smallest mistake can lead you to a punishment. But the crimes lessen because most of the people are frightened and scared about the punishment they will receive if ever they’ll do something wrong. Cory Aquino established the democracy in the Philippines. She started the coalition of social and economic organizations. She also established the governance in which the people are the ones who â€Å"rule†. But what has happened only or have changed after Marcos administration is the increased of freedom of people to do whatever they wanted to do including the relentless and useless killings of everyone against their fellow Filipinos, most especially the media people, though the media people have gain more freedom to express their ideas and thoughts, murderers and killers have gain also more freedom to kill media people. It is a directly proportional freedom. Moreover, there is also an increase of murder and massacre crimes in the Philippines wherein still today these form of crimes were not yet totally solved though some cases were filed. Though democracy is the primal priority during the Ms. Aquino Administration, ironically, there are also a number of military coup d’ etats and nationwide brownouts or loss of electricity then, that is   because everyone have now more freedom to do whatever they wanted to do and to say whatever they wanted to say. But thanks God, the Philippines is still â€Å"check and balance† by the republic form of government that it has still today and not yet totally succumb to totally democratic system of government, lest the Philippines will self-annihilate itself. However, I don’t say that democracy is wrong, but too much of it could break down the system because of no major agreement of every aspect in life in the Philippines; too much of it could bring disharmony because everyone will be right on his or her own ways. And, of course, too much of discipline can lead to revolt of the people against its leader, or worse, to its country. To solve this dilemma and to use effectively the privileges of democracy in the country, the new Philippine president should, yes, create portals like public forums to bridge and voice out the ideas and wants of every citizen in the country that will discuss and articulate the advantage and disadvantage of everyone’s ideas. We should always balance things, neither less nor too much. On that way, we’re able to create a major consensus that will bring peace and harmony in the Philippines.